Originally Posted by d_D
You would need some special pulleys/rollers that where designed to fit the shape of the chain. Perhaps some weird recumbent pulleys would work. I'd guess they are the only situation on a bike where the section of chain that transmits the driving force would pass over a pulley/roller.
If this were used, be sure to get a drive side pulley and not a return side pulley. They're typically made with more durable materials and are designed to handle the forces we're talking about here.