You guys have been a great help.

I've checked out the components and T-Mar, you were correct on the derailleurs, they say "Suntour Cyclone II" and the rear says "Maeda Inc. Japan XJ." So in checking the vintage Trek link that dwoloz provided, for Suntour it looks like the XJ code translates to October, 1981. That makes T-Mar's info on the frame being 1982 spot-on, I'd say.

As for the other components, I'm not finding anything that looks like date codes:

The bar-end shifters say "Bar Con Accushift"

Brake handles: "Aero Compe" in script

Brakes, which are side-pull: Shimano SL or SLR, can't quite tell which

Front and rear hubs: "Suntour Japan Cyclone Sealed Bearing"

In the "designed by" script on the chain stay I mentioned above, on closer inspection (and with some cleaning) it looks like the signature is Tim Neenan. Googling that name indicates Tim Neenan was a California framebuilder who was credited as the guy who built and designed some of Specialized's most recognized frames, including the Allez and Stumpjumper. He apparently later went on to a company called Lighthouse.

There are labels on the seat tube and fork that say "Special series touring Cr-Mo double butted tubing," so this confirms it's a steel frame, correct?

The rims, I think, are not original, as they look too new. They are labeled "Wolber Super Champion Modele 58 27 inch"

As for the frame size, I haven't found any evidence, but it fits me like it's a 56cm. I'll have to take some measurements on the seat tube, I guess, to confirm. Or should that be the top tube?