My partner did more winter riding than I did last year. His cassette had noticeable wear after about 2-3 months (out of a 5 month winter). By eyeball, he needs a new chain now, and he'll need a new cassette after this winter. Bike is a cheap mountain bike, and he wasn't fussy about cleaning it after every ride.
Both of us often chose to walk rather than ride a bike. Riding a bike on ice is a skill, and neither one of us had it to start. Last winter started with a snow turning to freezing rain storm and the city cleared the roads incorrectly... so we had lovely ice sheets to ride on for the whole winter. (no road salt on account of lakes) Any time the sheets were in danger of becoming safe streets again, there would be another ice storm or rain storm followed by a hard freeze.
If you really adore your current bike, I'd probably grab a winter beater. Learn the bike care on the beater, and then decide how you want to switch things around if it dies.