I believe that there is an effect on the knees because the quadriceps pull on the quadriceps tendon, which pulls on the patella tendon. This increases retro-patella contact forces against the condyles of the femur while the knees are bent. So the results are more stress on the quadriceps tendon, patella tendon and the underside surface of the patella. But sp00kie is right in that the muscles adapt to this greater stressors, as do the tendons, given appropriate progression and time. Retro-patella contact forces, however, remains the same at relative cadences. In this case, frequency and duration will determine if the wear rate exceeds the repair rate.

After some thinking, I think I will keep the higher gear ratio of 53 X 17 for track use (less frequency and duration) and go with go with 49 X 19 for commuting and occasional trips (more frequency and duration).

Thank you both!