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"Chainline Adjustment-Front
If you need to adjust the front chainline, there are several different options to accomplish it:
Change the Bottom Bracket
Most bottom brackets made since the mid-'90s are symmetrical, they stick out the same amount on each side. If you replace your present bottom bracket with one that is, say, 4 mm shorter, it will move the chainline 2 mm to the left, because it will be 2 mm shorter on each side.
If you go this route to a narrower chainline, make sure that there won't be a clearance problem between the frame and the crank or chainring.

Bottom Bracket Spacer
If you need to increase the chainline (move the chainring to the right) you can usually add a spacer washer between the right-side bottom bracket mounting ring (or cup) and the bottom bracket shell of the frame. The usual spacer for this is a Sturmey-Archer sprocket spacer. These fit all threaded bottom brackets except Italian size. Sorry, I don't know of any source for a spacer that will fit an Italian (36 mm) bottom bracket.

Chainring Spacers
For a single chainring, you can add spacers between the chainring and the crank spider.If your chainring is mounted on the outside of the spider, you can move it to the rigtht this way. If it's mounteed on the inside of the spider, you can move it to the left as shown.
This uses the same 10 mm I.D. spacers normally used on rear hub axles.

Suitable spacers are available in 1, 2, and 3 mm thickness. You may need to use longer "double" stack bolts, especially for the 3 mm size.

Phil Wood Bottom Brackets
Phil Wood BBs are super quality, available in many different lengths, and they also feature the ability to adjust the chainline over a range of several millimeters.
Phil Wood stuff is expensive, but it's the Very Best.