What was the temperature?

If the air temperature is below freezing, and if you are riding on a main road with some traffic. This happens....

The bike all cools well below freezing, the road is not below freezing because the cars rolling over it keep it from freezing. The road has water on it. As the water is lifted up by your tire and hits you fender it becomes ice. Eventually the ice is so thick that it jams the wheel,or ice falls off the fenders, or jams and breaks the fender. It's like when the cars have ice formed around the wheels and the wheels hit the ice.

Did you have ice forming on the spokes or anything on the bike facing forward? If you did that's probably what happened. High clearance motocross style fenders can help with this. I have a winter bike set up just for this problem. I have a photo of it.

I had a bike with new fenders and knobby tires. I hit the fender with my toe and pushed the fender into the tire, same result.