-Clean and lubricate the chain (I do this every few days, but sometimes I get lazy)
-Make sure that everything that needs to be tight, is tight: lockring, cog, headset, wheels, etc.
-Pump the tires up (every week I do this, as the generally loose about 10psi a week)
-wipe the frame down with a damp cloth (this gets rid of most dust and dirt)
-Check all bearings (Headset, wheels, bottom bracket)
-If you have a brake (and you should, especially if you're learning) Make sure the pads are hitting the rim, and clearing it as well. I also check if anything is embedded in the pad, as this can quickly wreck your rim.

That's about what I do, and I ride about 15-30km a day.