In case you haven't figured it out yet... you have presta valves (Schrader=suck=car). Most floor pumps made in the last few years will work on either.

80 psi feels pleasantly firm. Before you claim your pump is broken, I'd talk to the LBS and try to get an idea of what the different pressures feel like.

Adjusting where the shifters are on the bars shouldn't affect the indexing. If so, then you messed with the micro-adjust while moving things. Go check out bicycletutor.com/ to learn a bit about adjusting and fixing things.

Oh, and it doesn't suck to bring a multi-tool along with you during rides to handle those small adjustments so you don't have to cut a ride short.