You can use a touring bike or a road bike for a long, fast commute with some luggage but neither is ideal. The perfect long-commute bike is somewhere inbetween. It is quite a rare style in the USA but Raleigh make one, the Clubman.
The defining features are long-drop caliper brakes to accept 28mm tyres+fenders (some fit 32mm tyres), luggage and fender eyelets.