Square taper spindle steel differences?.
 

I am occupying myself in the cold weather by building up another bike I don’t really need, but.. Anyhow, I will probably use a nice cromoly Shimano spindle and bb. That got me to wondering about the difference between those pretty silver cromoly spindles and the black ones. I did a minor search but didn’t see much.

I would guess harder steel? More durability? It may just be cosmetic, but it seems the cranks spin better too on the prettier ones. Is it also a combination of better cups too? Cheap spindles are available for maybe $10, so the premium older used ones must have something more going for them.

The black is probably carbon steel and the shiny one is chromoly.
There are so many types, grades, and specialty mixes of steel out there, you'd probably be better off just reading about it.
https://makeitfrommetal.com/alloy-st...-carbon-steel/

That's a good question, and I'm willing to bet that someone here knows.

My only recollection of black spindles/axles were the ones that came with Sugino Maxy cranks. These had the threaded studs that accepted a nut, as opposed to the standard axle that takes a bolt. These were not high quality and the cones would pit fairly quickly. Probably good enough for most folks, though?

The only other cup and cone BB's that I've got now are a Specialized and a few Campy Records. Both have silver axles and the Campy ones are good for many thousands of miles. Still waiting to find out how good the Specialized one is.

Since every thread needs photos, here's a shot of the Specialized axle...


https://cimg0.ibsrv.net/gimg/bikefor...2139a1a404.jpg

and a shot of the axle from my Olmo....


https://cimg5.ibsrv.net/gimg/bikefor...9014114e77.jpg

Steve in Peoria

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...the better loose bearing BB spindles and cups are case hardened. This allows the use of a low carbon steel that is easily machined, and remains somewhat resistant to surface wear, while still not failing in use due to brittleness. If you wear them down past this exterior layer of case hardening (for example by trying to resurface a pitted bearing race on the spindle or in the cups), they wear out again pretty quickly. So it's a bad idea to try to resurface them by grinding and polishing.

Pics
 

Pics are needed for this group. Looking at the post on steel alloys is interesting. Some spindles I have show some cromoly spindles are silver, and some not. Some are hollow and some not. Then there is the plain cheap ones. Quality counts of course, but I was looking for an education on the quality, and also the mechanical and riding qualities it imparts.


https://cimg8.ibsrv.net/gimg/bikefor...c2a16392b.jpeg
Superbe—Smooth and pretty


https://cimg3.ibsrv.net/gimg/bikefor...6896a3b4c.jpeg
Shimano with beautiful finish


https://cimg7.ibsrv.net/gimg/bikefor...986e4652a.jpeg
One hollow, one not, both cromoly


https://cimg8.ibsrv.net/gimg/bikefor...cea4a271e.jpeg
Cheap generic, but looks acceptable

This one has the super light Ni Cr cups, bolts and lock rings. I think the spindle came with the earlier Superbe groups before they got marked Superbe.
https://cimg4.ibsrv.net/gimg/bikefor...40cef5a7ca.jpg

The color of a spindle isn't a reliable indicator of the type of steel from which it's made. Both Shimano and Hatta produced some CroMo spindles with a black finish. Here's one example, from Hatta:


https://cimg8.ibsrv.net/gimg/bikefor...6e99fab93c.jpg

And here's another example, this one from Shimano:


https://cimg6.ibsrv.net/gimg/bikefor...c31979ca8e.jpg


I suspect the shiny ones are plated. I've seen photos of higher-end shiny spindles (Dura Ace, if I remember correctly) where the plating is peeling at the taper.

OP: I strongly suspect that the smoothness of operation of a new cup and cone bottom bracket is more related to the smoothness of cup races and spindle cones, along with the grade of the bearing balls used. Higher end spindles tend to be better ground and polished, and also tend to be plated. The type and hardness of the steel used in the cups/spindle cones would almost certainly have far more impact on longevity than on smoothness of rotation.

Interesting, as I wouldn’t have thought plating would hold up. I was guessing that the shiner finish was the actual metal, at least on the Superbe. I know little about these though. On my Miyata 1000 the darker colored cromoly spindle did have some small pits at the bearing area, sit it has been retired.

It really just depends on the chromium content. For instance stainless, it's shiny because a large amount chromium is in it as well as vanadium and molybdenum in small amounts as well as boron.
The lower the chromium content, the less shiny it is. About 11% is where you start to see the chromium color in the metal, but it doesn't get really tangible until it's a bit higher.
They have plated lesser metals with chrome because chrome is incredibly hard along with corrosion and wear resistance.

4130 CroMo steel is typically between 0.8% and 1.1% chromium and between 0.15% and 0.25% molybdenum. That amount of chromium in a steel alloy does effectively nada to provide corrosion resistance. Both elements are added to improve the strength of the resulting alloy, not for corrosion resistance.

https://matmatch.com/learn/material/4130-steel

Unless coated with a preservative or provided with some form of corrosion-resistant coating - like nickel or chromium plating, Parkerizing, or bluing - untreated bare CroMo will definitely rust.

bare it rusts just as bad as iron.

So is the cromoly just preferable to heat treat to a better finish and the cheaper carbon steel in the last pic is just ”cheaper” all the way around with durability and smoothness?

I think it comes down to the manufacturing technique. Machine to shape and then harden (accepting that the machined shape will deviate slightly with the hardening process) or machine, harden, then finish grind to a precise shape. Option one is lower cost and more common and option 2 is how you will see that Campagnolo and the other the higher end parts are made. Look for the ground surface in the bearing race area in contrast to the balance of the part regardless of the plating, etc.

Back in the day... Ha... Well, in the 70s I went into an Italian bike shop for some parts. There was a large array of boxes spilling parts inside of a glass cabinet without prices because most likely the price was set at the time of the buy. Typical Italian hardware sales I guess. Any way, there was a box of spindles with matching cups and cotters that were brown in color. It was obviously they had been Parkerized. Go Figure...

Yes, even black oxide finish spindles can have ground and polished races.
https://cimg3.ibsrv.net/gimg/bikefor...31dd263f89.jpg