Is there such a wheel that is as thin as a 700c, but has a larger diameter? The fixie I am building has quite a large chain stay, and appears to me that I could fit a 750c wheel in the back if there is such a thing. I know there is 650c and 700c, but I do not know if there is anything larger than a 700c. Thanks!

P.S. Here are a few pictures of my build :

Nope.

What's wrong of a wider (and taller tire) if you want that 'no clearance' track look

the only thing larger than a 700 is a 27"... but not a ton of options there. Plus, you may not be running your wheel all the way back in the dropouts (as pictured). once you throw a tire on there and a chain, things might change a good bit.

So that is a big "no-no" I am guessing? Why is that? Where can I get a pair of those things that keep the wheel from going too far back? What are they called? Thanks.

ummm.
that frame was built with 27" wheels in mind.

you're putting 700c wheels on and complaining about the abundance of clearance..? well duh.