The issues are cable pull, brake reach and tire clearance.

The brake levers that you have now are designed for the longer cable pull that V-brakes require. They'll work with caliper brakes, but they'll require more effort.

The picture that you posted shows quite a bit of clearance between the (relatively large) tire and the bottom of the fork. I doubt you'll be able to find a brake caliper with enough reach to span the distance from the hole on the fork crown to your rim's breaking surface.

The last issue is tire clearance. 28 mm is about the largest tire that will squeeze between the pads of a caliper brake.