1979 Colnago Pista
Notice the angle of the head tube versus that of the seat tube. The head tube is steeper, more vertical.
On this road bike, the head tube and seat tube have the same angle. This is typical of road bikes.
On the track, there is no need for tire clearance or even brakes.

And it would make no sense to ride this on the street except the bike is so damn cool it would have to be done at least once.
Road bikes will have more
trail which improves stability and steering. Chainstays are generally a bit longer, too.
bike geometry
http://www.bikecyclingreviews.com/Frame_Geometry.html
Don Walker on Track Bike Geometry
http://www.urbanvelo.org/issue3/urbanvelo3_p44-45.html
There is a very noticeable difference in handling. I did not find the aggressive geometry of a track bike comfortable or practical for street riding. Track bikes are not very versatile, being designed solely for the track. They do look pretty cool, though.