For sure, after some thinking i can even imagine some scenario where those pedals could lead to life threatening damages
First a minor one, when i put both feet on the ground and walk (my bike being between my legs), my legs often hit my pedals and it hurts (not life threatening though). Same when my chain jumps.
This minor injury could become infected i would need to go to the hospital where they would remove my head by mistake (I could add mosquito bites, bird crash on my head...)
Another example, if you fall head first on someone else bike and your head/throat hit those pedals on the other cyclist bike. This could lead to some serious damage.
Also if you lack some coordination (and/or ride like in those funny fails video on youtube where you see someone crashing) and slip off your pedals and ends up (i don't know how) with your head hitting your pedals possibly...probably more likely to see your perf on youtube.
Another example that would lead to the same result, if by any chances your handlebar were to break while you go down from the sidewalk....

But simply slipping off your pedals and hurting your legs, hurts, at worst broken legs hurts but it's rarely life threatening unless this lead to some life threatening event like a truck hitting you while you are on the ground for instance.

There is always chances of mechanical failure, that your bike skid on ice or that generally speaking some unexpected event could lead to some serious damage due to pedals. Crazy events can always happen even those very unlikely. (I should stop drinking (water) i could suffocate )