Yes, balloons change their volume in relation to temperature according to PV=nRT, however, internal-pressure remains the same (roughly atmospheric). With tyres it's different because volume remains constant, while pressure changes with temperature.
What was the air-temperature at the time you filled the tyre? Let's take a case where you filled up the tyre inside at 30C/86F. When you went outside, the pressure dropped, then rose back up to the exact same level as before when you brought it back inside (from PV=nRT):
30C/86F = 100psi -->
-10C/14F = 87psi -->
30C/86F = 100psi
Now what about a worse-case scenario where you filled it up outside at the coldest possible temp, then brought it inside:
-10C/14F = 100psi -->
30C/86F = 115psi
A gain of 15psi is not significant enough to blow through the sidewall of a tyre. The max-pressure rating printed on the sidewall is usually about 1/2 of what the blow-off pressure is under testing. That's the pressure that expands the bead enough to blow it off the rim. The casing never blows, it can easily withstand much, much more than the bead. Most likely, you had a weak spot on your sidewall from a scratch or a nick.
Uh... wanna show your actual in-the-field measurements? ETRO sizing on rims are 622mm for both alloy and steel 700C rims. 630mm for 27" wheels. What is your before & after measurement on these rims before and after the temperature changed? It's well known fact that Mavic alloy rims are slightly larger than spec, making tyre-mounting slightly more difficult, but less chance of them blowing off. Steel rims tends to be chrome-plated without hook-beads, making tyres easy to slip off regardless of temperature.
How did you calculate pressure-change difference of 35.7% when difference in dimensional change between aluminium and steel is only .07920% - .0262% = 0.053%? Also be aware that all calculations needs to be in SI units with temperature in Kelvins starting at absolute zero.
Regardless of whatever mathematical models you use, it MUST be corroborated with real-world measurements. Actual in-the-field measurements with a tyre gauge will show you the exact pressure-change with temperature. I'll wager an even $10,000 that with the SAME tyre and SAME tube, you WILL NOT see a pressure change of -5.8% with an alloy rim while a steel rim shows 29.9% with a 45-degree-F drop in temperature. Hell, I'll throw my Porsche into the pot as well.
And any bike you want from your favorite bike-shop.
So according to you, when the ambient air-temperature drops by 45-F, we should see the following?
100psi tyre on alloy rim -> 94.2psi ?
100psi tyre on steel rim -> 129.9psi ?
Let's see it!
Besides, a tyre at 100psi going to 130psi with a 45-F drop in temperature (even if that was possible) isn't gonna blow up!!!