Cyclingfans.com
Steephill.com

You can find a ton of races happening throughout the year, often broadcast live (in lo-fi, sadly) and mostly during USA working hours but you can watch a lot of cycing if you work in an office or have a cellphone.

Next big race (Grand Tour) is the three-week Giro d'Italia, sort of the second-in-line to the Tour. But there are a ton of other races between now and then, and several more between then and the Tour.

As far as what's on TV, you might have to pay extra for cycling ... NBCSN only offers a little for free (because they suck dead rhinos) and charge for all the exciting stages, and a lot of the races. Universal has some cycling. I'd suggest shopping for a cycling package (don't know what's available in your area.)