Many are simply marketing names, ie. Monthlery, Open, etc. the same way bike companies do model names.
The letters and numbers tend to be more spec details.
CD = couche dur, or hard coating = hard anodized
SUP = welded joint, but I don't know what the letter actually are abreviations of.
letters like CX etc, indicate purpose or sub market ie. cyclo-cross or cross country Follow these through and you'll see they're pretty consistant
If I recall correctly the numbers are the inside width of the non-tubular rims, but in the past referred to the wall thickness of tubular rims. ie. Or 7 = gold anodized rim, .7mm wall thickness, Ar 10 = silver anodized 1.0 mm wall.
If you take some time and compare to various catalogs the pattern of reused designations becomes apparent.
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