Sheldon Brown's web site states that Phil Wood introduced the first cartridge bottom bracket in 1971 but they were very expensive and a rarity for quite a while. Cartridge bottom brackets weren't at all common until the early 1990's and have dominated the market since then. My 1992 Trek 1420 came with a cup-and-cone bottom bracket but I replaced it with a Shimano BB-UN71 in late 1992 so they were certainly available by then.

Since then the "standard" English and Italian cartridge threaded units installed inside the frame's bottom bracket shell have been joined by a bewildering variety of press-in and external bearing types of various proprietary designs so that the term "standard" is nearly meaningless now.