Unless you can sand off all your old glue down to bare tube rubber, I don't expect it to work. I don't think that solvent will be good, either. I'd throw the tube out without trying to repatch a failure.
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Think of it like contact cement, which is dried before the two pieces are pressed together. You can wait even longer after the glue is dry, but putting the patch on too soon won't work well. I test the edge of the glued area with a finger to see if it's dry enough.

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I save punctured tubes and patch 3 to 5 of them at once. That uses up a whole tube of glue. Old or opened glue tubes are usually dried up when I want to use them.

A batch at a time is a little faster, since all the stuff is out and ready to go. I've been clamping them for maybe 15 to 60 minutes with scrap blocks of wood and a carpenter clamp, but that's probably not required. I haven't had to patch a tube while on a ride in many years, I carry a spare tube, and bring the punctured tube home.

I use patched tubes as if they are new, and never worry about them if they stay inflated for the first hour. My patches are permanent, and reliable.

I never use solvents or other cleaners on the tube. The roughening cleans off the tube. If there's a "mold mark" or other raised line near the hole, I try to sand off that ridge on the tube. I don't like the metal rougheners, like a cheese grater. The small pieces of sandpaper in some kits are easier for me. I brush off any dust with a piece of paper or paper towel.
I use the folded end of the tube of glue as a spreader, sort of like a putty knife. I spread it quite thin, but make sure there's no gaps in coverage.

Never put glue on the patch. That foil gets peeled off, and I never touch the exposed surface of the patch. That exposed surface is made to bond to the dried glue on the tube.

Patches are heavier and don't stretch like a tube does when inflated outside the tire. I never inflate the patched tube outside the tire enough to make it expand. Only a very little air is needed to give the tube some shape to make it easier to install in the tire.