Yes, if you're able to peel off the old patch, the stuff IS NOT vulcanising fluid with dissolves rubber into rubber. Rubber cement is just glue that can be undone. While decent patch job can be done with rubber-cement, long-term durability is not guaranteed, difference between sticking for 1-month vs. 10-years.
Here's some guidelines I've found to make for very permanent patching job:
1. don't patch on-the-road, install spare-tube and patch at home where you can control environment better.
2. thoroughly sand off mould-release layer from tube. That's stuff that turns white when you sand, keep on sanding until you reach black rubber. And sand beyond patch area by at least 1/4"
3. apply vulcanising fluid directly over hole, about size of pea is good. DON'T use tip of glue-tube to smear glue, it'll be uneven and you'll contaminate tube if it's real vulcanising fluid. And drying-times will be different in different areas because it takes so long to smear with tube.
4. peel off plastic from patch and use lay patch directly over pea-size spot of vulcanising fluid and wiggle patch around to spread and smear. Lift off patch to air out, notice you have perfectly even uniform layer on both patch & tube? Let sit for 1-2 minutes, depending upon at atmospheric conditions. Extended drying time beyond this means you've applied too much fluid.
5. inflate tube to installed size,
6. lay patch over hole & glue area evenly. Might be easier to start on one edge and flap it over hole so you don't have wrinkles and channels for air to escape.
7. press entire patch evenly... with thumb, if you have patch roller, use that gently
8. press tube & patch between 2 blocks of wood and press in vise overnight. Not too tight, but firm. This ensures even pressure all around patch, squeezes out any air-bubbles or pockets, and enhances vulcanising bond between two layers. This patch will not come apart or leak, you'll end up ripping tube trying to remove it.
I've must of done hundreds... if not thousands of patches this way... extremely low failure rate, 1:100 max.