To the best of my knowledge the parts are interchangeable. The 105 might be a fraction of a fraction of a millimeter thinner, but should work just fine with the 10-speed chain.

Changing the gearing has nothing to do with compatibility. it is all about gearing. Every gear will be a little higher with the larger rings. Do you like your current gearing? Do you frequently ride in the top portion of the cassette and with you had higher gears? or do you frequently get into the lower portion of the cassette in the small ring and are glad for the lower gearing when climbing?

If you get a bigger chain ring you might need to add links to the chain. The rear derailleur shouldn't be affected no matter what.

Everything I said here could be wrong.