Golden Arrow is the nickname for 1st generation Shimano 105, which was manufactured for the 1983-1986 model years. I've always considered the bow and arrow motif to be homage to Shimano's early parallelogram Archery derailleur, which also used colour accents. While gold was the dominant colour for the motif, there were others. I've seen blue, black and white, the latter on a later version with a dark gray parallelogram arm. First generation 105 was Shimano's 3rd component group and was considered lower mid-range.

I've got specs for 1983-1985 Shogun 600. The only year with 105 is 1984, though there is a small possibility that they reverted to it for 1986. The serial number should allow us to confirm the model year. For 1983-1985, the components were progressively downgraded, in what appears to have been an attempt to to maintain the target price level, which was just under $300.