In an economic system based on voluntary exchange, there’s not really any such thing as “price gouging.“ No one is forcing anyone to buy anything. (If you choose to buy something, it’s kind of hard to then turn around and argue that you’ve been “gouged.“)

There is such a thing as collusion and/or monopoly control of prices, both of which are measurable and occasionally provable in court. (Neither is likely occurring in the bicycle industry.) But as you imply, the term “gouging” has no operational meaning. This is why the term is often used by politicians and almost never used by economists.