I had to redo one of my patches today. I don't know what kind of glue I used on this one, but it was very hard to remove. The re patch went very well with Elmer's. It's holding.

I read an interesting comment in the reviews of the 8oz cans of Rema cement
they said if you put it in a peanut butter jar it will stay like new!
it is also supposed to work for PVC cement

a mayo jar should work too

this would be great if it works and not have to buy new glue every year.

Just to be safe when I (at home) apply a tube patch I use a small C-clamp and two pieces of wood to squeeze the patch onto the tube for one hour. I also swipe a dab of acetone on the tube to be sure it is clean after vigorously sanding the trouble spot very roughly to add “tooth” to the spot. Inner tubes are fairly light so I carry five on every long ride plus a small patch kit with a known good tube of glue. All of my tubes have many patches up to ten. I test them spares out every time before going on a 200k or longer brevet thu the hinterlands. I also always carry a bike frame mountable (and tested) Silca airpump and a foldable spare tire. Always, always plan for the worst and practice to do the best. I once, alone, had five different flats in fifty miles in Bavaria, Germany. I often go get outcasted tubes from the bike shop’s dumpster as they refuse to patch them for customers. I trade or sell patched tubes on Craigs List for four dollars. Also I carry basic tools, a small first aid kit, NSAIDs, and spare tubes of different sizes on MURTS (multi use recreation trails) because other folks can be stranded at well isolated miles from any big or small country exit like Bumfuq Egypt All for one and one for all. At home when I replace a tube I sprinkle baby powder on the tube and inside the tire casing.

*** Does anyone know of a tire tread filler compound to protect a spot on the tire where the inner fibers are showing through after the tire had an emergency brake skid?

Nope ... time for a brand new tire..